Current Issue : April - June Volume : 2014 Issue Number : 2 Articles : 8 Articles
In past there was no significant comparative analysis between tea waste and egg shell for chromium removal were performed. And also activation of low cost adsorbent tea waste and egg shell by soxhlet was not done. Hence the objective of this work was comparitive adsorptive removal of hexavilanent chromium by acid activated and soxhlet activated tea waste and egg shell. Adsorption experiments were carried out for different parameters such as contact time, metal ion concentration and adsorbent dosages. In case of contact time other parameters such as metal ion concentration and adsorbent dosages were fixed. Similarly in adsorbent dosages and metal ion concentration other parameters were fixed and optimized from previous experiment....
A quantitative evaluation of spatial and temporal distribution of groundwater recharge is a pre-requisite\r\nfor the management of ground water resources system in an optimal manner. The amount of\r\ngroundwater recharge depends upon the rate and duration of rainfall, as rainfall is the principal means\r\nfor replenishment of moisture in the soil water system and recharge to ground water. This paper\r\ninvestigated the relationship between rainfalls and groundwater recharge within Ona River basin,\r\nsouthwest Nigeria, using soil moisture balance and water table fluctuation. Analysis of rainfall trends\r\nwithin the Ona River basin suggests that there is considerable high annual rainfall occurrence, with a\r\nmean of 1623.48. It must be noted that the mean annual lost due to evapotranspiration of 1361.68 mm is\r\nvery high when compared to the rainfall (83.9%). The results obtained from the soil moisture balance\r\nwhen considering the three dominant soil types within the basin, that is, sandy loam, clay and find\r\nsand, having water capacity of root zone value of 70, 70, and 50 respectively, suggests that\r\ngroundwater recharge follows a positive trend as the corresponding rainfalls. However, empirical\r\nrelationships of: y = 0.540x ââ?¬â?? 606.2, with a coefficient of determination (r2) value of 0.719, for sandy loam\r\nand clay; and y = 0.552x ââ?¬â?? 621, with a coefficient of determination (r2) value of 0.726 for fine sand was\r\nestablished for the basin area. On the other hand, recharge ranging from 220.25 to 40.50 mm was\r\ncomputed from the water table fluctuation method....
Shallow borehole and dug well data are used in describing groundwater conditions in the vicinity of\r\nAbraka in the Nigerian coastal plain. Drill cuttings from ten boreholes show that the Abraka area is\r\nunderlain by reddish brown unconsolidated sands, followed by a succession of grey- off-white medium\r\ngrained sands of the Benin Formation. Hydraulic conductivity estimated from grain size analysis of\r\ncuttings obtained from typical borehole screened horizons range from 0.12 to 0.19 msec-1. Regional\r\ngroundwater flow is from north east to southwest with local distortions on this regional trend resulting\r\nfrom ground water abstraction in densely populated areas. Maximum TDS in ground water was\r\nrecorded at 28 and 85 mg/l from dug wells. The trilinear plots of major ions in water indicate a mixing of\r\nmainly sodium chloride and calcium chloride water types. The stiff diagrams are also suggestive of\r\npossible stratification of water chemistry with depth. Borehole water quality is well within WHO and\r\nNigerian drinking water quality standards while that from dug wells contains minimal levels of fecal\r\ncoliform. Ground water and surface water are determined to be suitable for irrigation. It is also shown\r\nthat the quality of water in the River Ethiope, TDS 6.6 to 8.09 mg/l, Escherichia coli occurrence at less\r\nthan an average of 50 cfu/100 ml from selected recreation sites meets WHO standards for body contact\r\nrecreation....
Water is an essential commodity to mankind and the largest available source of water lies underground. Ground water occurs both in saturated and unsaturated zones. The study area falls in the Chidambaram taluk of Cuddalore district. The main aim is to study the dissolved constituents and to understand the process controlling the groundwater chemistry. About 38 groundwater samples were collected for study. The results were interpreted with piper diagram to understand the geochemical facies of the groundwater. Similarly, the data plotted in USSL diagram and gibbs’ plot for understanding the water suitability and source of the ionic concentration. pH values of the samples ranges between 7.4 to 8.2. The determined anions, cations, pH, EC, SAR, TDS and total hardness of the samples collected in the study area falls within permissible limit of WHO. According to modern Gibb’s plot, majority of samples exhibit that they were rock dominance and with minor representation in evaporation zone....
This study deals with Geoelectrical resistivity surveys to delineate fresh water pockets in a sedimentary aquifers of Vanur block of Villupuram District, Tamilnadu. The study area geologically comprises of alluvium, sand stone, clay and shell limestone formations. Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) were conducted at nine different locations using Schlumberger configuration with maximum current electrodes spread up to 100m. The measured resistivity data were interpreted using IPI2WIN software. The resistivity result shows the first minimum and maximum value is 13.5 to 1515?m similarly second layer resistivity value is 4.5 to 181Om, Third layer value is 4.9 to 181Om and finally fourth layer resistivity values 4.9 to 818.1Om respectively. In the thicknesses of first layer is 0.3 to 1.5m, second layer thickness is 2.1 to 31.4m and third layer is 17.1 to 39.5m respectively. The favorable resistivity value 50to 150Om was observed in three VES locations like 1,6 and 9. In these three VES locations suitable resistivity and thickness identified in second layer values is 1,6 and 9are 132 Om,73.9 Om,137Om and 11 m,28 m,16.7m respectively. Hence, these three locations were identified to develop shallow fresh water potential pockets from the interpretation analysis....
In recent years Lake Urmia, the largest saline lake in the Middle East located in northwestern Iran has\r\nundergone severe environmental changes. As a result of drought and anthropogenic impacts, the area\r\nof the Lake has been shrunk and the water level has been dropped. In this article the environmental,\r\npolitical and socio-economic impacts of drought in Lake Urmia basin has been reviewed and the\r\nobstacles regarding institutional water frameworks in national and regional levels has been studied and\r\nassessed. Furthermore, lack of sufficient mitigation and adaptation policies and inadequate attention to\r\nthe environmental impact assessment during megaprojects has been discussed. The most crucial\r\nimpacts have been realized as ecological and environmental consequences of lake drying up on all over\r\nthe Lake Urmia catchment. In associated with these consequences, several scarce species of flora and\r\nfauna are exposed to the danger of extinction, and polluted air ensued by the salt storms affect the\r\ndaily life of people in the region. In addition, this event has a direct influence on the economy of the\r\nregion. Therefore, the implementation of a holistic institutional-based remediation program to\r\naccomplish lake restoration seems to be inevitable....
Groundwater quality plays an important role in groundwater protection and quality conservation; hence it is very much important to assess the groundwater quality not only for its present use but also a potential source of water for future consumption. The study area selected was ground water of Tuticorin District, Tamilnadu, India. In the present study an attempt has been made to identify the ground water quality of the study area in Pre monsoon (2013). The physico-chemical parameters like pH, Electrical conductivity, Total Dissolved Solid, Bicarbonate, Chloride, Sulphate, Silicate, Nitrate, Phosphate, Fluoride, Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium and Potassium were studied to analyze the potable ground water quality of the study area. Extent of pollution occurred due to seawater intrusion, salt pan contaminated, over exploitation of ground water, urbanization and anthropogenic activities. Most of the groundwater unsuitable for drinking purpose based on WHO (2004). Factor analysis indicates that seawater intrusion (Factor 1), anthropogenic contamination (Factor 2) and weathering process (Factor 3 and 4)....
Water is next to air in importance. The World Bank declared water as an economic good while\r\nendorsing the international demand for water supply. Human health depends on having access to safe,\r\nadequate and reliable water supply. In Africa, and of course in Nigeria, one half of the entire continentââ?¬â?¢s\r\npeople (particularly in rural areas/communities), suffer from one or more of the six main diseases\r\nassociated with poor or polluted water. Statistics show that Africa has the highest occurrence of\r\ncholera and typhoid epidemics as well as child diarrhea. Of the 46 countries in which schistosomiasis\r\nare endemic, 40 are in Africa, of the 19 countries reporting guinea worm, 16 are in Africa. In September\r\n2000, 147 heads of state and governments, and 189 nations in total, committed themselves to the\r\nMillennium Development Goals (MDGs). One of the targets defined for achieving the MDGs is to ââ?¬Å?halve\r\nby 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic\r\nsanitationââ?¬Â. This paper constitutes a source of information for water and sanitation coverage estimates\r\nin southwest geo-political zone of Nigeria. It provides information of the current status of water supply\r\nand sanitation in the zone. The paper attempts to look into the appropriateness of the use of the\r\ntechnology of integrated mini water scheme and infiltration gallery as a means of providing safe and\r\nadequate domestic water to rural community people to serve as the best preventive medicine against\r\nthe prevalent water diseases....
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